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古今圖書整合281\n用人部總論一\n易經\n師卦\n上六大君有命開國承家小人勿用\n程\n傳\n開國封之為諸侯也承家以為卿大夫也小人\n有功賞之以金帛祿位可也不可使有國家而為\n政也小人平時易致驕盈況挾其功乎\n象曰大君有命以正功也小人勿用必亂邦也\n程\n傳\n大君持恩賞之柄以正軍旅之功師之終也雖\n賞其功小人則不可以有功而任用之用之必亂\n邦小人恃功而亂邦者古有之矣\n泰卦\n初九拔茅茹以其匯徵吉\n程\n傳\n初以陽爻居下是有剛明之才而在下者也時\n之否則君子退而窮處時既泰則志在上進也君\n子之進必與其朋類相牽援如茅之根然拔其一\n則牽連而起矣匯類也賢者以其類進同志以行\n其道是以吉也自古君子得位則天下之賢萃於\n朝廷同志協力以成天下之泰小人在位則不肖\n者並進然後其黨勝而天下否矣□各從其類也\n象曰拔茅貞吉志在外也\n程\n傳\n志在外上進也\n觀卦\n六四觀國之光利用賓於王\n程\n傳\n聖明在上則懷抱才德之人皆願進於朝廷輔\n戴之以康濟天下四既觀見人君之德國家之治\n光華盛美所宜賓於王朝效其智力上輔其君以\n施澤天下故曰利用賓於王也\n本\n義\n六四最近於五\n故有此象其佔為利於朝覲仕進也\n象曰觀國之光尚賓也\n解卦\n六三負且乘致寇至貞吝\n程\n傳\n六三陰柔居下之上處非其位猶小人宜在下\n以負荷而且乘車非其據也必致寇奪之至\n象曰負且乘亦可醜也自我致戎又誰咎也\n程\n傳\n負者小人之事乘者君子之器以小人而乘君\n子之器非其所能安也故盜乘釁而奪之小人而\n居君子之位非其所能堪也故滿假而陵慢其上\n侵暴其下盜則乘其過惡而伐之矣\n井卦\n九三井渫不食為我心惻可用汲王明並受其福\n程\n傳\n三以陽剛居得其正是有濟用之才如井之清\n潔可用汲而食也若上有明王則當用之而得其\n效賢才見用則己得行其道君得享其功下得被\n其澤上下並受其福也\n大\n全\n朱子曰若非王明則無\n以收拾人才\n象曰井渫不食行惻也求王明受福也\n程\n傳\n井渫治而不見食乃人有才知而不見用以不\n得行為憂惻也既以不得行為惻則豈免有求也\n故求王明而受福志切於行也\n鼎卦\n九四鼎折足覆公餗其形渥兇\n程\n傳\n四大臣之位任天下之事者也天下之事豈一\n人所能獨任必當求天下之賢智與之協力得其\n人則天下之治可不勞而致也用非其人則敗國\n家之事貽天下之患四下應於初初陰柔小人不\n可用者也而四用之其不勝任而敗事猶鼎之折\n足也鼎折足則傾覆公上之餗餗鼎實也居大臣\n之位當天下之任而所用非人至於覆敗乃不勝\n其任可羞愧之甚也其形渥謂赧汙也其兇可知\n象曰覆公餗信如何也\n本\n義\n言失信也\n大\n全\n中溪張氏曰言其所信任之人果\n如何也\n繫辭上\n子曰作易者其知盜乎易曰負且乘致寇至負也者\n小人之事也乘也者君子之器也小人而乘君子之\n器盜思奪之矣上慢下暴盜思伐之矣慢藏誨盜冶\n容誨淫易曰負且乘致寇至盜之招也\n大\n全\n柴氏中行曰六三以不正小人據非其位故有\n此象人據非其義之所當有則啟謀利者攘奪之\n心也\n繫辭下\n子曰德薄而位尊知小而謀大力小而任重鮮不及\n矣易曰鼎折足覆公餗其形渥兇言不勝其任也\n大\n全\n融堂錢氏曰古之人君必量力度德而後授之\n官古之人臣亦必量力度德而後居其任為君不\n明於所擇為臣不審於自擇以至亡身危主□國\n亂天下皆由不勝任之故可不戒哉\n書經\n虞書大禹謨\n益曰任賢勿貳去邪勿疑\n蔡\n傳\n任賢以小人間之謂之貳去邪不能果斷謂之\n疑\n皋陶謨\n曰若稽古皋陶曰允迪厥德謨明弼諧禹曰俞如何\n皋陶曰都慎厥身修思永惇敘九族庶明勵翼邇可\n遠在茲禹拜昌言曰俞皋陶曰都在知人在安民禹\n曰籲鹹若時惟帝其難之知人則哲能官人安民則\n惠黎民懷之能哲而惠何憂乎歡兜何遷乎有苗何\n畏乎巧言令色孔壬\n蔡\n傳\n知人智之事安民仁之事也\n皋陶曰都亦行有九德亦言其人有德乃言曰載採\n採禹曰何皋陶曰寬而慄柔而立愿而恭亂而敬擾\n而毅直而溫簡而廉剛而塞強而義彰厥有常吉哉\n蔡\n傳\n載行採事也總言其人有德必言其行某事某\n事為可信驗也彰著也成德著之於身而又始終\n有常其吉士矣哉\n日宣三德夙夜浚明有家日嚴祇敬六德亮採有邦\n翕受敷施九德鹹事俊乂在官百僚師師百工惟時\n撫於五辰庶績其凝\n蔡\n傳\n浚明亮採皆言家邦政事明治之義也九德有\n其三必日宣而充廣之而使之益以著九德有其\n六尤必日嚴而祇敬之而使之益以謹翕合也德\n之多寡雖不同人君惟能合而受之布而用之如\n此則九德之人鹹事其事大而千人之浚小而百\n人之乂皆在官使師師相師法也言百僚皆相師\n法而百工皆及時以趨事也撫順也五辰四時也\n言百工趨時而眾工皆成也\n大\n全\n朱子曰九德之目\n蓋言取人不可求備官人當以等耳\n無教逸欲有邦兢兢業業一日二日萬幾無曠庶官\n天工人其代之\n蔡\n傳\n曠廢也言不可用非才而使庶官曠廢厥職也\n天工天之工也人君代天理物庶官所治無非天\n事苟一職之或曠則天工廢矣可不深戒哉\n商書鹹有一德\n任官惟賢才左右惟其人臣為上為德為下為民其\n難其慎惟和惟一\n蔡\n傳\n難者難於任用慎者慎於聽察所以防小人也\n和者可否相濟一者終始如一所以任君子也\n說命中\n惟治亂在庶官官不及私暱惟其能爵罔及惡德惟\n其賢\n蔡\n傳\n庶官治亂之原也庶官得其人則治不得其人\n則亂六卿百執事所謂官也公卿大夫士所謂爵\n也官以任事故曰能爵以命德故曰賢惟賢惟能\n所以治也私暱惡德所以亂也\n周書立政\n蔡\n傳\n吳氏曰此書戒成王以任用賢才之道而其旨\n意則又上戒成王專擇百官有司之長如所謂常\n伯常任準人等雲者\n周公若曰拜手稽首告嗣天子王矣用鹹戒於王曰\n王左右常伯常任準人綴衣虎賁周公曰嗚呼休茲\n知恤鮮哉\n蔡\n傳\n王左右之臣有牧民之長曰常伯有任事之公\n卿曰常任有守法之有司曰準人三事之外掌服\n器者曰綴衣執射御者曰虎賁皆任用之所當謹\n者於是周公嘆息言曰美矣此官然知憂恤者鮮\n矣\n古之人迪惟有夏乃有室大競籲俊尊上帝迪知忱\n恂於九德之行乃敢告教厥後曰拜手稽首後矣曰\n宅乃事宅乃牧宅乃準茲惟後矣謀面用丕訓德則\n乃宅人茲乃三宅無義民\n蔡\n傳\n古之人有行此道者惟有夏之君當王室大強\n之時而求賢以為事天之實也迪知者蹈知而非\n苟知也忱恂者誠信而非輕信也言夏之臣蹈知\n誠信於九德之行乃敢告教其君曰拜手稽首後\n矣雲者致敬以尊其為君之名也曰宅乃事宅乃\n牧宅乃準茲惟後矣雲者致告以敘其為君之實\n也茲者此也言如此而後可以為君也即皋與\n禹言九德之事謀面者謀人之面貌也言非迪知\n忱恂於九德之行而徒謀之面貌用以為大順於\n德乃宅而任之如此則三宅之人豈復有賢者乎\n桀德惟乃弗作往任是惟暴德罔後\n蔡\n傳\n夏桀惡德弗作往昔先王任用三宅而所任者\n乃惟暴德之人故桀以喪亡無後\n亦越成湯陟丕釐上帝之耿命乃用三有宅克即宅\n曰三有俊克即俊嚴惟不式克用三宅三俊其在商","is_preview":true,"preview_page_limit":10}