{"resource_id":6029,"title":"古今图书集成272","format":"md","encoding":"utf-8","chapters":[{"id":"chapter-1","title":"帝統部藝文","sections":[{"id":"chapter-1-section-1","title":"正文","paragraphs":["按正閏迄無定說茲部所採概入藝"]},{"id":"chapter-1-section-2","title":"文不立總論祇各存其說以備參考","paragraphs":[]},{"id":"chapter-1-section-3","title":"正統論上　　　　　　　　宋歐陽修","paragraphs":["傳曰君子大居正又曰王者大一統正者所以正天","下之不正也統者所以合天下之不一也由不正與","不一然後正統之論作堯舜之相傳三代之相代或","以至公或以大義皆得天下之正合天下於一是以","君子不論也其帝王之理得而始終之分明故也及","後世之亂僭偽興而盜竊作由是有居其正而不能","合天下於一者周平王之有吳徐是也有合天下於","一而不得居其正者前世謂秦為閏是也由是正統","之論興焉自漢而下至於西晉又推而下之為宋齊","梁陳自唐而上至於後魏又推而上之則為劉漢石","趙苻秦其帝王之理舛而始終之際不明由是學者","疑焉而是非又多不公自周之□迄於顯德實千有","二百一十六年之間或理或亂或取或傳或分或合","其理不能一概大抵其可疑之際有三週秦之際也","東晉後魏之際也五代之際也秦親得周而一天下","其跡無異禹湯而論者黜之其可疑者一也以東晉","承西晉則無終以隋承後魏則無始其可疑者二也","五代之所以得國者雖異然同歸於賊亂也而前世","議者獨以梁為偽其可疑者三也夫論者何為疑者","設也堯舜三代之始終較然著乎萬世而不疑固不","待論而明也後世之有天下者帝王之理或舛而始","終之際不明則不可以不疑故曰由不正與不一然","後正統之論作也然而論者眾矣其是非予奪所持","者各異使後世莫知夫所從者何哉蓋於其可疑之","際又挾自私之心而溺於非聖之學也自西晉之滅","而南為東晉宋齊梁陳北為後魏北齊後周隋私東","晉者曰隋得陳然後天下一則推其統曰晉宋齊梁","陳隋私後魏者曰統必有所受則推其統曰唐受之","隋隋受之後周後周受之後魏至其甚相戾也則為","南史者詆北為北史者詆南此自私之偏說也自古","王者之興必有盛德以受天命或其功澤被於生民","或累世積漸而成王業豈偏名於一德哉至於湯武","之起所以救弊拯民蓋有不得已者而曰五行之運","有休王一以彼衰一以此勝此歷官術家之事而謂","帝王之興必乘五運者繆妄之說也不知其出於何","人蓋自孔子歿周益衰亂先王之道不明而人人異","學肆其怪奇放蕩之說後之學者不能卓然奮力而","誅絕之反從而附益其說以相固結故自秦推五勝","以水德自名由漢以來有國者未始不由於此說此","所謂溺於非聖之學也惟天下之至公大義可以祛","人之疑而使人不得遂其私夫心無所私疑得其決","則是非之異論息而正統明所謂非聖人之說者可","置而勿論也","正統論下","凡為正統之論者皆欲相承而不絕至其斷而不屬","則猥以假人而續之是以其論曲而不通也夫居天","下之正合天下於一斯正統矣堯舜夏商周秦漢唐","是也始雖不得其正卒能合天下於一夫一天下而","居正則是天下之君矣斯謂之正統可矣晉隋是也","天下大亂其上無君僭竊並興正統無屬當是之時","奮然而起並爭乎天下有功者強有德者王威澤皆","被於生民號令皆加乎當世幸而以大並小以強兼","弱遂合天下於一則大且強者謂之正統猶有說焉","不幸而兩立不能相併考其跡則皆正較其義則均","焉則正統者將安予奪乎東晉後魏是也其或終始","不得其正又不能合天下於一則可謂之正統乎魏","及五代是也然則有不幸而丁其時則正統有時而","絕也故正統之序上自堯舜歷夏商周秦漢而絕晉","得之而又絕隋唐得之而又絕自堯舜以來三絕而","復續惟有絕而有續然後是非公予奪當而正統明","然諸儒之論至於秦及東晉後魏五代之際其說多","不同其惡秦而黜之以為閏者誰乎是漢人之私論","溺於非聖曲學之說者也其說有三不過曰滅棄禮","樂用法嚴苛與其興也不當五德之運而已五德之","說可置而勿論其二者特始皇帝之事耳然未原秦","之本末也昔者堯傳於舜舜傳於禹夏之衰也湯代","之王商之衰也周代之王周之衰也秦代之王其興","也或以德或以功大抵皆乘其弊而代之初夏世衰","而桀為昏暴湯救其亂而起稍治諸侯而誅之其書","曰湯徵自葛是也其後卒以攻桀而滅夏及商世衰","而紂為昏暴周之文武救其亂而起亦治諸侯而誅","之其詩所謂崇密是也其後卒攻紂而滅商推秦之","興其功德固有優劣而其跡豈有異乎秦之紀曰其","先大業出於顓頊之苗裔其孫伯翳佐禹治水有功","唐虞之間賜姓嬴氏及非子為周養馬有功秦仲始","為命大夫而襄公與立平王遂受岐豐之賜當是之","時周衰固已久矣亂始於穆王而繼以厲幽之禍平","王東遷遂同列國而齊晉大侯魯衛同姓擅相攻伐","共起而弱周非獨秦之暴也秦於是時既平西戎因","取周所賜岐豐之地而繆公以來始東侵晉地至於","河盡滅諸戎拓國千里其後關東諸侯強僭者日益","多周之國地日益蹙至無復天子之制特其號在耳","秦昭襄王五十二年周之君臣稽首自歸於秦至其","後世遂滅諸侯而一天下此其本末之跡也其德雖","不足而其功力尚不優於魏晉乎始秦之興務以力","勝至於始皇遂悖棄先王之典禮又自推水德益任","法而少恩其制度文為皆非古而自是此其所以見","黜也夫始皇之不德不過如桀紂桀紂不廢夏商之","統則始皇未可廢秦也其私東晉之論者曰周遷而","東天下遂不能一然仲尼作春秋區區於尊周而黜","吳楚者豈非以其正統之所在乎晉遷而東與周無","異而今黜之何哉曰是有說焉較其德與跡而然耳","周之始興其來也遠當其盛也規方天下為大小之","國眾建諸侯以維王室定其名分使傳子孫而守之","以為萬世之計及厲王之亂周室無君者十四年而","天下諸侯不敢僥倖而窺周於此然後見周德之深","而文武周公之作真聖人之業也況平王之遷國地","雖蹙然周德之在人者未厭而法制之臨人者未移","平王以子繼父自西而東不出王畿之內則正統之","在周也推其德與跡可以不疑夫晉之為晉與夫周","之為周也異矣其德法之維天下者非有萬世之計","聖人之業也直以其受魏之禪而合天下於一推較","其跡可以曰正而統耳自惠帝之亂至於愍懷之間","晉如線耳惟嗣君繼世推其跡曰正焉可也建興之","□晉於是而絕矣夫周之東也以周而東晉之南也","豈復以晉而南乎自愍帝死賊庭琅邪起江表位非","嗣君正非繼世徒以晉之臣子有不忘晉之心發於","忠義而功不就可為傷已若因而遂竊正統之號其","可得乎春秋之說君弒而賊不討則以為無臣子也","使晉之臣子遭乎聖人適當春秋之誅況欲幹天下","之統哉若乃國已滅矣以宗室子自立於一方卒不","能復天下於一則晉之琅邪與夫後漢之劉備五代","漢之劉崇何異備與崇未嘗為正統則東晉可知焉","耳其私後魏之論者曰魏之興也其來甚遠自昭成","建國改元承天下衰敝得奮其力並爭乎中國七世","至於孝文而易姓建都遂定天下之亂然後修禮樂","興制度而文之考其漸積之基其道德雖不及於三","代而其為功何異王者之興今特以其不能並晉宋","之一方以小不備而黜其大功不得承百王之統者","何哉曰質諸聖人而不疑也今為魏說者不過曰功","多而國強耳此聖人有所"]}]}],"toc":[{"id":"chapter-1-section-1","chapter_title":"帝統部藝文","section_title":"正文","is_available":true},{"id":"chapter-1-section-2","chapter_title":"帝統部藝文","section_title":"文不立總論祇各存其說以備參考","is_available":true},{"id":"chapter-1-section-3","chapter_title":"帝統部藝文","section_title":"正統論上　　　　　　　　宋歐陽修","is_available":true}],"plain_text":"# 帝統部藝文\n按正閏迄無定說茲部所採概入藝\n## 文不立總論祇各存其說以備參考\n## 正統論上　　　　　　　　宋歐陽修\n傳曰君子大居正又曰王者大一統正者所以正天\n下之不正也統者所以合天下之不一也由不正與\n不一然後正統之論作堯舜之相傳三代之相代或\n以至公或以大義皆得天下之正合天下於一是以\n君子不論也其帝王之理得而始終之分明故也及\n後世之亂僭偽興而盜竊作由是有居其正而不能\n合天下於一者周平王之有吳徐是也有合天下於\n一而不得居其正者前世謂秦為閏是也由是正統\n之論興焉自漢而下至於西晉又推而下之為宋齊\n梁陳自唐而上至於後魏又推而上之則為劉漢石\n趙苻秦其帝王之理舛而始終之際不明由是學者\n疑焉而是非又多不公自周之□迄於顯德實千有\n二百一十六年之間或理或亂或取或傳或分或合\n其理不能一概大抵其可疑之際有三週秦之際也\n東晉後魏之際也五代之際也秦親得周而一天下\n其跡無異禹湯而論者黜之其可疑者一也以東晉\n承西晉則無終以隋承後魏則無始其可疑者二也\n五代之所以得國者雖異然同歸於賊亂也而前世\n議者獨以梁為偽其可疑者三也夫論者何為疑者\n設也堯舜三代之始終較然著乎萬世而不疑固不\n待論而明也後世之有天下者帝王之理或舛而始\n終之際不明則不可以不疑故曰由不正與不一然\n後正統之論作也然而論者眾矣其是非予奪所持\n者各異使後世莫知夫所從者何哉蓋於其可疑之\n際又挾自私之心而溺於非聖之學也自西晉之滅\n而南為東晉宋齊梁陳北為後魏北齊後周隋私東\n晉者曰隋得陳然後天下一則推其統曰晉宋齊梁\n陳隋私後魏者曰統必有所受則推其統曰唐受之\n隋隋受之後周後周受之後魏至其甚相戾也則為\n南史者詆北為北史者詆南此自私之偏說也自古\n王者之興必有盛德以受天命或其功澤被於生民\n或累世積漸而成王業豈偏名於一德哉至於湯武\n之起所以救弊拯民蓋有不得已者而曰五行之運\n有休王一以彼衰一以此勝此歷官術家之事而謂\n帝王之興必乘五運者繆妄之說也不知其出於何\n人蓋自孔子歿周益衰亂先王之道不明而人人異\n學肆其怪奇放蕩之說後之學者不能卓然奮力而\n誅絕之反從而附益其說以相固結故自秦推五勝\n以水德自名由漢以來有國者未始不由於此說此\n所謂溺於非聖之學也惟天下之至公大義可以祛\n人之疑而使人不得遂其私夫心無所私疑得其決\n則是非之異論息而正統明所謂非聖人之說者可\n置而勿論也\n正統論下\n凡為正統之論者皆欲相承而不絕至其斷而不屬\n則猥以假人而續之是以其論曲而不通也夫居天\n下之正合天下於一斯正統矣堯舜夏商周秦漢唐\n是也始雖不得其正卒能合天下於一夫一天下而\n居正則是天下之君矣斯謂之正統可矣晉隋是也\n天下大亂其上無君僭竊並興正統無屬當是之時\n奮然而起並爭乎天下有功者強有德者王威澤皆\n被於生民號令皆加乎當世幸而以大並小以強兼\n弱遂合天下於一則大且強者謂之正統猶有說焉\n不幸而兩立不能相併考其跡則皆正較其義則均\n焉則正統者將安予奪乎東晉後魏是也其或終始\n不得其正又不能合天下於一則可謂之正統乎魏\n及五代是也然則有不幸而丁其時則正統有時而\n絕也故正統之序上自堯舜歷夏商周秦漢而絕晉\n得之而又絕隋唐得之而又絕自堯舜以來三絕而\n復續惟有絕而有續然後是非公予奪當而正統明\n然諸儒之論至於秦及東晉後魏五代之際其說多\n不同其惡秦而黜之以為閏者誰乎是漢人之私論\n溺於非聖曲學之說者也其說有三不過曰滅棄禮\n樂用法嚴苛與其興也不當五德之運而已五德之\n說可置而勿論其二者特始皇帝之事耳然未原秦\n之本末也昔者堯傳於舜舜傳於禹夏之衰也湯代\n之王商之衰也周代之王周之衰也秦代之王其興\n也或以德或以功大抵皆乘其弊而代之初夏世衰\n而桀為昏暴湯救其亂而起稍治諸侯而誅之其書\n曰湯徵自葛是也其後卒以攻桀而滅夏及商世衰\n而紂為昏暴周之文武救其亂而起亦治諸侯而誅\n之其詩所謂崇密是也其後卒攻紂而滅商推秦之\n興其功德固有優劣而其跡豈有異乎秦之紀曰其\n先大業出於顓頊之苗裔其孫伯翳佐禹治水有功\n唐虞之間賜姓嬴氏及非子為周養馬有功秦仲始\n為命大夫而襄公與立平王遂受岐豐之賜當是之\n時周衰固已久矣亂始於穆王而繼以厲幽之禍平\n王東遷遂同列國而齊晉大侯魯衛同姓擅相攻伐\n共起而弱周非獨秦之暴也秦於是時既平西戎因\n取周所賜岐豐之地而繆公以來始東侵晉地至於\n河盡滅諸戎拓國千里其後關東諸侯強僭者日益\n多周之國地日益蹙至無復天子之制特其號在耳\n秦昭襄王五十二年周之君臣稽首自歸於秦至其\n後世遂滅諸侯而一天下此其本末之跡也其德雖\n不足而其功力尚不優於魏晉乎始秦之興務以力\n勝至於始皇遂悖棄先王之典禮又自推水德益任\n法而少恩其制度文為皆非古而自是此其所以見\n黜也夫始皇之不德不過如桀紂桀紂不廢夏商之\n統則始皇未可廢秦也其私東晉之論者曰周遷而\n東天下遂不能一然仲尼作春秋區區於尊周而黜\n吳楚者豈非以其正統之所在乎晉遷而東與周無\n異而今黜之何哉曰是有說焉較其德與跡而然耳\n周之始興其來也遠當其盛也規方天下為大小之\n國眾建諸侯以維王室定其名分使傳子孫而守之\n以為萬世之計及厲王之亂周室無君者十四年而\n天下諸侯不敢僥倖而窺周於此然後見周德之深\n而文武周公之作真聖人之業也況平王之遷國地\n雖蹙然周德之在人者未厭而法制之臨人者未移\n平王以子繼父自西而東不出王畿之內則正統之\n在周也推其德與跡可以不疑夫晉之為晉與夫周\n之為周也異矣其德法之維天下者非有萬世之計\n聖人之業也直以其受魏之禪而合天下於一推較\n其跡可以曰正而統耳自惠帝之亂至於愍懷之間\n晉如線耳惟嗣君繼世推其跡曰正焉可也建興之\n□晉於是而絕矣夫周之東也以周而東晉之南也\n豈復以晉而南乎自愍帝死賊庭琅邪起江表位非\n嗣君正非繼世徒以晉之臣子有不忘晉之心發於\n忠義而功不就可為傷已若因而遂竊正統之號其\n可得乎春秋之說君弒而賊不討則以為無臣子也\n使晉之臣子遭乎聖人適當春秋之誅況欲幹天下\n之統哉若乃國已滅矣以宗室子自立於一方卒不\n能復天下於一則晉之琅邪與夫後漢之劉備五代\n漢之劉崇何異備與崇未嘗為正統則東晉可知焉\n耳其私後魏之論者曰魏之興也其來甚遠自昭成\n建國改元承天下衰敝得奮其力並爭乎中國七世\n至於孝文而易姓建都遂定天下之亂然後修禮樂\n興制度而文之考其漸積之基其道德雖不及於三\n代而其為功何異王者之興今特以其不能並晉宋\n之一方以小不備而黜其大功不得承百王之統者\n何哉曰質諸聖人而不疑也今為魏說者不過曰功\n多而國強耳此聖人有所","is_preview":true,"preview_page_limit":10}